Harvard Reference Generator covers the full spectrum of academic and professional source types. Whether you are citing a government report, a TikTok post, an ancient philosophical text, or an AI language model, every citation format below is supported and generated instantly. Hover over each icon for the Harvard format and a worked example.
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Harvard - General Guide
Author-date citation system widely used in UK academic institutions. See complete guide on Harvard referencing.
Format:Author, A.A. (Year). Title of work. Place of publication: Publisher.Example:Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022). Cite Them Right. 12th ed. London: Bloomsbury.
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Website - Harvard
Include author/organisation, year, page title, URL, and access date. See how to cite a website Harvard.
Format:Author, A.A. or Organisation (Year). Title of webpage. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).Example:NHS (2023). Overview: Type 2 diabetes. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/type-2-diabetes/ (Accessed: 10 March 2026).
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Book - Harvard
Author, year, title in italics, edition, place, and publisher. See how to cite a book Harvard.
Format:Author, A.A. (Year). Book title. Edition. Place: Publisher.Example:Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research Design. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
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Image - Harvard
Creator, year, title, medium, URL and access date. See how to cite an image Harvard.
Format:Creator, A.A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).Example:Adams, A. (1942). Mount Williamson, Sierra Nevada [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.example.com/ (Accessed: 30 April 2026).
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In-Text Citation
(Author, Year) or (Author, Year, p.XX) for direct quotations. See Harvard in-text citation.
Format:(Author, Year) or (Author, Year, p.XX)Example:(Smith, 2021) or (Smith, 2021, p.45)
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Journal Article
Author, year, article title, journal, volume, pages, DOI. See how to cite an article Harvard.
Format:Author, A.A. (Year). 'Title of article', Journal Name, Vol(Iss), pp. XX–XX. doi:XX.Example:Brown, K. (2020). 'Climate policy challenges', Environmental Science Review, 14(2), pp. 88–102. doi:10.XXXX/XXXXXX.
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Film - Harvard
Title first, then year, director, medium, place, and production company. See how to cite a film Harvard.
Format:Title of film (Year) Directed by A.A. Director [Film]. Place: Production Co.Example:Oppenheimer (2023) Directed by C. Nolan [Film]. Universal City: Universal Pictures.
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Report - Harvard
Author/organisation, year, title, publisher, URL. See how to cite a report Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). Title of report. Place: Publisher. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).Example:WHO (2022). World Health Statistics 2022. Geneva: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/ (Accessed: 30 April 2026).
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PDF - Harvard
Cited by original source type with [PDF] noted after title. See PDF Harvard referencing.
Format:Author (Year). Title [PDF]. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).Example:Department for Education (2021). Schools White Paper [PDF]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ (Accessed: 30 April 2026).
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Legislation - Harvard
UK Acts cited by official title and year, chapter number, publisher. See how to cite legislation Harvard.
Format:Title of Act Year (Jurisdiction). Chapter number. Place: Publisher.Example:Equality Act 2010 (UK). Chapter 15. London: The Stationery Office.
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Thesis / Dissertation
Author, year, title, degree type, institution. See how to cite a thesis Harvard.
Format:Author, A.A. (Year). Title of thesis. Degree type. Institution name.Example:Harrison, F. (2021). Digital Inequality in Post-Brexit Britain. PhD thesis. University of Manchester.
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Video (General)
Creator, year, video title, medium, URL, access date. See how to cite a video Harvard.
Format:Creator (Year). Title [Video]. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).Example:TED (2014). Sir Ken Robinson: How to Escape Education's Death Valley [Video]. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson (Accessed: 30 April 2026).
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YouTube Video
Channel/creator, year, title in italics, platform, URL. See how to cite a YouTube video Harvard.
Format:Username (Year). Title [Video]. YouTube. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).Example:Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell (2022). Overpopulation and Africa [Video]. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=example (Accessed: 30 April 2026).
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Chapter in Edited Book
Chapter author plus editor of the volume. See how to cite a chapter in a book Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). 'Chapter title', in Editor (ed.) Book Title. Place: Publisher, pp. XX–XX.Example:Hall, S. (2013). 'The work of representation', in Hall, S. et al. (eds.) Representation. 2nd ed. London: Sage, pp. 1–47.
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Podcast - Harvard
Presenter, year, episode title, series, date, URL. See how to cite a podcast Harvard.
Format:Presenter (Year). 'Episode title', Podcast name, Day Month. Available at: URL.Example:Harford, T. (2021). 'Why do we work so hard?', Cautionary Tales, 15 October. Available at: https://timharford.com/cautionarytales/ (Accessed: 30 April 2026).
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Direct Quote
Page number required alongside author and year. See how to cite a quote Harvard.
Format:(Author, Year, p.XX) after the quoted text.Example:'Knowledge is power' (Foucault, 1980, p.131).
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Multiple Authors
'and' between two authors; 'et al.' for three or more. See how to cite multiple authors Harvard.
Format:Two: (Smith and Jones, 2020). Three+: (Smith et al., 2019).Example:Smith, A., Jones, B. and Taylor, C. (2019). Title. Place: Publisher.
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Dictionary - Harvard
Dictionary title, year, entry in single quotes, edition. See how to cite a dictionary Harvard.
Format:Dictionary Name (Year). 'Entry'. Edition. Place: Publisher, p.XX.Example:Oxford English Dictionary (2023). 'Epistemology'. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.XX.
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News Article
Journalist, year, title, newspaper, date, page/URL. See how to cite a news article Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). 'Title', Newspaper, Day Month.Example:Topping, A. (2024). 'UK inflation falls to two-year low', The Guardian, 21 February.
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Appendix - Harvard
Referred to in-text by label; reference the parent work. See how to cite an appendix Harvard.
Format:In-text: (see Appendix A) or (Author, Year, Appendix A).Reference list:cite the original work containing the appendix.
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The Bible
Cited by version; in-text by book, chapter, verse. See how to cite the Bible Harvard.
Format:The Bible (Year). Version. Place: Publisher.Example:The Bible (2011). New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan.
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Lecture - Harvard
Lecturer, year, title, module, institution, date. See how to cite a lecture Harvard.
Format:Lecturer (Year). 'Title' [Lecture]. Institution, Day Month.Example:Patel, R. (2024). 'Cognitive Behavioural Approaches', Introduction to Psychology [Lecture]. University of Leeds, 14 November.
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Speech - Harvard
Speaker, year, title, event, location, date. See how to cite a speech Harvard.
Format:Speaker (Year). 'Title' [Speech]. Event, Location, Day Month.Example:Obama, B. (2009). 'Inaugural Address' [Speech]. US Capitol, Washington D.C., 20 January.
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Working Paper
Author, year, title, WP number, institution. See how to cite a working paper Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). Title. Working paper no. XX. Place: Institution.Example:Piketty, T. and Saez, E. (2012). Optimal Labor Income Taxation. Working paper no. 17989. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
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Wikipedia
Treated as a website with Wikipedia as corporate author. See citing Wikipedia in Harvard.
Format:Wikipedia (Year). 'Article title'. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).Example:Wikipedia (2024). 'Keynesian economics'.
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Annual Report
Organisation, year, report title, place, URL. See how to cite an annual report Harvard.
Format:Organisation (Year). Annual Report Year. Place: Organisation.Example:Unilever (2023). Annual Report 2022. London: Unilever PLC.
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Press Release
Organisation, year, title, [Press release], date, URL. See how to cite a press release Harvard.
Format:Organisation (Year). 'Title' [Press release]. Day Month. URL.Example:Bank of England (2024). 'Interest rate decision: August 2024' [Press release]. 1 August.
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Website with No Author
Use organisation name or webpage title instead. See how to cite a website with no author Harvard.
Format:Organisation or Title (Year). Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).Example:Mind (2023). Understanding anxiety.
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Interview - Harvard
Published: full publication details. Personal: in-text only. See how to cite an interview Harvard.
Format:Interviewee (Year). 'Title', interviewed by A.A. Interviewer, Publication, Day Month.Example:Chomsky, N. (2020). 'Language and power', interviewed by A. Brown, New Statesman, 5 June.
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AI Tools (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude)
Developer, year, tool + version, prompt, date. See how to cite ChatGPT Harvard.
Format:OpenAI (Year). ChatGPT (Version) [Large language model]. Response to prompt: 'X'. Date.Example:OpenAI (2024). ChatGPT (GPT-4) [LLM]. Response to prompt: 'Explain photosynthesis'. 3 March 2024.
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Gov.uk
Department, year, title, Gov.uk URL, access date. See how to cite Gov.uk Harvard.
Format:Department (Year). Title. Place: Publisher. URL.Example:HM Treasury (2023). Autumn Statement 2023. London: HM Treasury.
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Secondary Citation
Cite original via the secondary source you actually read. See citation within a citation Harvard.
Format:(Original Author, Year, cited in Secondary Author, Year, p.XX)Example:(Vygotsky, 1978, cited in Smith, 2005, p.14)
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Conference Paper
Author, year, paper title, proceedings, location, date. See how to cite a conference paper Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). 'Title', in Editor (ed.) Proceedings of Conference, Location, Date. Place: Publisher, pp. XX–XX.Example:Nguyen, T. (2022). 'Machine learning in clinical diagnostics', Seoul, 14–16 June.
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Database - Harvard
Producer, year, database name, access details. See how to cite a database Harvard.
Format:Producer (Year). Name of Database [Database]. Available at: URL.Example:ONS (2023). Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings [Database].
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Financial Report
Organisation, year, title, publisher, URL. See how to cite a financial report Harvard.
Format:Organisation (Year). Title: Financial year. Place: Organisation.Example:HSBC Holdings PLC (2023). Annual Report and Accounts 2022. London: HSBC.
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Newsletter - Harvard
Author/org, year, article title, newsletter, date. See how to cite a newsletter Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). 'Title', Newsletter Name, Vol(Iss), Day Month.Example:CIPD (2023). 'Flexible working reforms 2023', CIPD People Management Newsletter, October.
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Patent - Harvard
Inventor, year, title, country, number, date. See how to cite a patent Harvard.
Format:Inventor (Year). Title. Country Patent number, Day Month.Example:Dyson, J. (1993). Dual Cyclone Vacuum Cleaner. UK Patent GB2235877B, 10 March.
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Poem - Harvard
Author, title in single quotes, collection details. See how to cite a poem Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). 'Title', in Editor (ed.) Collection. Place: Publisher, pp. XX–XX.Example:Keats, J. (2007). 'Ode to a Nightingale', in Stillinger (ed.) Complete Poems.
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PowerPoint
Author, year, title, medium, event, institution. See how to cite a PowerPoint Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). Title [PowerPoint presentation]. Event, Institution, Day Month.Example:Archer, L. (2023). Research Methods Overview [PowerPoint presentation]. SOCI5000, University of Leeds, 5 October.
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Social Media Post
Account, year, first 20 words, platform, date, URL. See how to cite a social media post Harvard.
Format:Account (Year). 'First 20 words' [Platform post]. Day Month. URL.Example:NHS England (@NHSEngland) (2024). 'We are investing £2.4 billion...' [Twitter/X post]. 14 February.
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TikTok - Harvard
Username, year, description, [TikTok video], date, URL. See how to cite TikTok Harvard.
Format:Username (Year). 'Description' [TikTok video]. Day Month. URL.Example:sciencewithdr (2023). 'Three common misconceptions...' [TikTok video]. 22 April.
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Song - Harvard
Artist, year, song title, album, record label. See how to cite a song Harvard.
Format:Artist (Year). 'Song title', Album title. Record Label.Example:Adele (2021). 'Easy On Me', 30. Columbia Records.
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Survey - Harvard
Organisation, year, title, [Survey], URL. See how to cite a survey Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). Title [Survey]. Available at: URL.Example:Ipsos MORI (2022). Public Attitudes to AI in the UK [Survey].
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TV Series
Series level or single episode format. See how to cite a TV series Harvard.
Format:Series: Title (Year–Year) [TV series]. Network. Episode: 'Title' (Year) Series, series XX, ep XX. Network, Day Month.Example:'Ozymandias' (2013) Breaking Bad, series 5, episode 14. AMC, 15 September.
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Video Game
Developer, year, title, platform, publisher. See how to cite a video game Harvard.
Format:Developer (Year). Title [Video game]. Platform. Publisher.Example:Naughty Dog (2020). The Last of Us Part II [Video game]. PlayStation 4. Sony Interactive Entertainment.
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Exhibition - Harvard
Institution/curator, year, title, venue, dates. See how to cite an exhibition Harvard.
Format:Institution (Year). Title [Exhibition]. Gallery, Location, Date range.Example:Tate Modern (2022). Surrealism Beyond Borders [Exhibition]. Tate Modern, London, 24 Feb – 29 Aug 2022.
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Instagram Post
Handle, year, description, [Instagram post], date. See how to cite an Instagram post Harvard.
Format:Username (Year). 'Description' [Instagram post]. Day Month. URL.Example:NASAHubble (@NASAHubble) (2023). 'New image of the Pillars of Creation...' [Instagram post]. 3 January.
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Ancient Sources
Historical author, year of edition/translation, translator. See how to cite ancient sources Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). Title. Translated by A.A. Translator. Place: Publisher.Example:Plato (2007). The Republic. Translated by D. Lee. London: Penguin Classics.
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Anonymous Author
Use Anon. in place of the author's name. See how to cite an anonymous author Harvard.
Format:Anon. (Year). Title of work. Place: Publisher.Example:Anon. (1890). The Art of Letter Writing. London: Ward & Lock.
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Anonymous Interview
Use Anon. with year and date of interview. See how to cite an anonymous interview Harvard.
Format:Anon. (Year). Interview with anonymous participant [Interview]. Day Month.In-text:(Anon., Year)
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Aristotle - Harvard
Cite by name, year of edition/translation used. See how to cite Aristotle Harvard.
Format:Aristotle (Year). Title. Translated by A.A. Translator. Place: Publisher.Example:Aristotle (2009). The Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by D. Ross. Oxford: OUP.
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Non-English Sources
Original language with [Translated title] in square brackets. See non-English sources Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). Title in Original Language [Translated title]. Place: Publisher.Example:Bourdieu, P. (1979). La Distinction. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.
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DSM-5 - Harvard
Cited as a book by the American Psychiatric Association. See how to cite DSM-5 Harvard.
Format:APA (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: APA Publishing.In-text:(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
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Gibbs Reflective Cycle
Originates from Gibbs (1988) - cited as a book. See Gibbs Reflective Cycle Harvard referencing.
Format:Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic.In-text:(Gibbs, 1988)
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Google Earth
Platform as source, location, [Google Earth], URL. See how to cite Google Earth Harvard.
Format:Google Earth (Year). Place name [Google Earth]. URL.Example:Google Earth (2024). Thames Estuary, UK [Google Earth].
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House of Commons Library
Author/HoC Library, year, briefing number, URL. See House of Commons Library Harvard referencing.
Format:Author (Year). Title. Research Briefing no. CBPXXXXX. London: HoC Library.Example:Harker, R. (2023). NHS Key Statistics: England. CBP07281.
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IPCC Report
IPCC as corporate author, report title, working group. See how to cite an IPCC report Harvard.
Format:IPCC (Year). Title. Contribution of Working Group X. Place: Publisher.Example:IPCC (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: CUP.
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ISO Standards
Issuing body, year, title, ISO number, Geneva. See how to cite ISO standards Harvard.
Format:International Organization for Standardization (Year). Title. ISO XXXXX:YEAR. Geneva: ISO.Example:ISO (2015). Quality Management Systems: Requirements. ISO 9001:2015.
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Page Number
p. for single; pp. for range; required for direct quotes. See page numbers in Harvard.
Format:(Author, Year, p.XX) or (Author, Year, pp.XX–XX)Example:(Williams, 2019, p.47) or (Williams, 2019, pp.47–49)
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Paraphrase
In-text citation required; page number optional. See how to paraphrase Harvard referencing.
Format:(Author, Year) - no page number required.Example:Research suggests that early intervention significantly improves long-term health outcomes (Clarke, 2021).
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Paris Agreement
Cited as an international treaty by the UN. See how to cite the Paris Agreement Harvard.
Format:United Nations (2015). Paris Agreement to the UNFCCC. New York: United Nations.In-text:(United Nations, 2015)
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Personal Communication / Email
In-text only; not included in reference list. See how to cite personal communication Harvard.
Format:Sender (Year). 'Subject line' [Personal communication / Email to recipient]. Day Month.In-text:(Smith, 2024)
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Reddit - Harvard
Username, year, title, [Reddit post], subreddit, URL. See how to cite Reddit Harvard.
Format:Username (Year). 'Title' [Reddit post]. Subreddit, Day Month. URL.Example:u/HealthcarePolicy (2023). 'Discussion: NHS waiting times...' [Reddit post]. r/unitedkingdom, 14 July.
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Software - Harvard
Developer, year, software + version, [Software], URL. See how to cite software Harvard.
Format:Developer (Year). Title (Version X.X) [Software]. Place: Publisher.Example:IBM Corp. (2022). IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 28.0) [Software]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
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Statista - Harvard
Author/Statista, year, statistic title, [Dataset]. See how to cite Statista Harvard.
Format:Author or Statista (Year). 'Title' [Dataset]. Statista. URL.Example:Statista (2024). 'Global smartphone users 2014–2024' [Dataset].
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StatPearls - Harvard
Cited as book chapters within NCBI Bookshelf. See how to cite StatPearls Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). 'Title', in StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing.Example:Tenny, S. and Abdelgawad, I.A. (2023). 'Statistical significance', in StatPearls [Internet].
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The NMC Code
Institutional publication by the NMC. See how to cite the NMC Code Harvard.
Format:Nursing and Midwifery Council (2018). The Code: Professional Standards... London: NMC.In-text:(Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2018)
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Religious Texts
Title, edition used, translation, publisher. See how to cite religious texts Harvard.
Format:Title of Text (Year). Version/Translation. Place: Publisher.Example:The Quran (2004). Translated by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem. Oxford: OUP.
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Same Source Multiple Times
No ibid. - repeat full in-text citation. See same source multiple times Harvard.
Format:Repeat (Author, Year) or (Author, Year, p.XX) each time.Reference list:only one entry per source.
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The UN Charter
Institutional document by the UN, year 1945. See how to cite the UN Charter Harvard.
Format:United Nations (1945). Charter of the United Nations. San Francisco: UN.In-text:(United Nations, 1945)
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UN as author; year 1948 of adoption. See how to cite the UDHR Harvard.
Format:United Nations (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: UN.In-text:(United Nations, 1948)
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Unpublished Work
Medium identified in square brackets. See how to cite unpublished work Harvard.
Format:Author (Year). Title [Unpublished manuscript/thesis]. Institution.Example:Green, T. (2023). Community Cohesion in Post-Industrial Towns [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Sheffield.
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Your Own Work
Same rules as citing any other author. See how to cite your own work Harvard.
Format:Published: standard format for source type. Unpublished: Author (Year). Title [Unpublished manuscript]. Institution.In-text:(Surname, Year)
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Executive Order
Issuing head of state, year, EO number, date. See how to cite an executive order Harvard.
Format:Head of State (Year). Title. Executive Order No. XXXXX, Day Month.Example:Biden, J. (2021). Preventing and Combating Discrimination... Executive Order No. 13988, 20 January.
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Source with No Date
Use (no date) in place of the year. See how to cite a source with no date Harvard.
Format:Author (no date). Title. Place: Publisher. URL.Example:Mencap (no date). Understanding Learning Disabilities.In-text:(Author, no date)